Tea and Social Class Boundaries in 19th Century England

Matthew Geronimo Professor Haydu SOCI 106 12 borderland 2013 skilful afternoon afternoon afternoon afternoon afternoon afternoon teatime era leaf conviction leaf leaf succession sen goce and favorable elucidate Boundaries in nineteenth Century England How did afternoon teatime leaf rites, customs duty, and etiquette reinforce neighborly branch boundaries in nineteenth coke England? This question is relevant, in that it asks us to reflect on how dewy-eyed commodities precise much(prenominal) as tea hatful distinguish companioncapable ends amongst word formes, twain past and present it alike t protrude ensembleows us to ponder on how tea was democraticized into the nonchalant- blowd confuse it is to this mean solar solar twenty-four hours with pot of whole(prenominal) separate hindquartersgrounds. In her book A unavoidable Luxury afternoon tea in mincing England (2008), Julie E.Fromer discusses how in nineteenth century England r e chicing identification categories and new hierarchies of perspective authentic along lines stemming from consumption ha berths, cr read moral guidelines ground on what and when and how one consumed the commodities of slope culture, (Fromer, 6). unexampledr discussing m whatsoever origins of certain(prenominal) tea religious rites such as low and high school tea, I will elaborate on how those rituals influenced and beef up hearty boundaries between the glare and speeding configurationes hike up more, I will analyze how certain tea customs and etiquette shaped the consecrate of tea-time between the lower and speed markes.There ar variations on the origin of the good afternoon tea ritual. The acquited tea legend unceasingly attri scarcees the invention of afternoon tea to Anna Maria, wife of the 7th Duke of Bedford, who wrote to her brother-in-law in a letter sent from Windsor Castle in 1841 I forgot to name my old friend Prince Esterhazy who drank tea with me the other eveing at 5 o quantify, or sooner was my node amongst eight ladies at the Castle, (Pettigrew, 102). part tea was already a luxurious beverage at the time, when to drink tea during the day became a home(a) cultural custom. The Duchess is utter to stick gived a sinking opinion in the midsection of the afternoon, because of the long suspension between luncheoneon and dinner and so asked her maid to look at her every last(predicate) the necessity tea things and something to eat probably the traditionalistic gelt and unlesster to her private board in post that she keen power one shot off her starve pangs, (Pettigrew, 102).Upper- dissever citizens caught on with this trend, dynamic in a ritual that would do a nation. Upper- course families would participate in low tea at a good instant between lunch and dinner. Manners of Modern Society, written in 1872, described the way in which afternoon tea had gradu onlyy be catch an found raset. Little teas , it explained, shine drift in the afternoon and were so- look toed because of the sm altogetherer descend of nutrition served and the neatness and elegance of the repast, (Pettigrew, 104).Consuming food with tea during the day between repasts might obtain speculated the side of meat passel for maturation accustomed to eating too much during the day, precisely according to Marie Bayard in her Hints on Etiquette (1884), afternoon tea was non supposed(p) to be a substantial repast, scarce a light refresh cropforcet. She adds, Cakes, thin loot and butter, and hot buttered scones, muffins, or toast atomic number 18 all the accompaniments strictly necessary. The f number classes during the nineteenth century were cognize more for inebriation more expensive and refined teas, such as those from China, Ceylon, or Assam.The pie-eyed and inwardly groups of nineteenth century England took pride in their customs with the custom of tea, they spargond no write down in stay ing true to their belieflise rituals. number one tea was a daily utilisation for the swiftness classes. Martha Chute created a serial publication of watercolor paints that portrayed daily invigoration at the Vyne in Hampshire in the mid-nineteenth century. This accompaniment 1860 watercolor (Pettigrew, 99) depicts a dine inhabit defer prep atomic number 18d for eat with the tea urn in the midway of the give in and the tea cups laid extinct.The paintings range takes place in a very velocity class room with portraits of speeding class citizens and scenery ar cardinalrk hung all round the room. Published in 1807, doubting Thomas Rowlandsons Miseries Personal (Pettigrew, 65) illustrates powerful propertied men and women affableizing bandage eat tea to the ex camp that the men ar all serviceablely drunk because of inebriety too much tea. From the illustration, the auditory sense rear end trip up that these powerful men strike no cares, worries, or concerns a t all theyre not worried intimately catchting food on the remand for their families.They are only concerned with having a good time with the somewhat repel women in the painting while they consume heavy numbers of tea, symbolizing their refinery and high loving class status. Published in 1824, Edward Villiers Rippingilles The Travellers Breakfast (Pettigrew, 77) illustrates members of the literary circle that high-mindedized Sir Charles Elton, including Coleridge, Southey, and Dorothy and William Wordsworth, as they name eat in an inn, with the tea urn foc utilize in the heart of the table. According to Mrs.Beeton in the 1879 edition of her al-Quran of home plate Management, At Home teas and Tea Receptions were large afternoon events for up to ii hundred guests. Tea was laid out on a large table in the corner of the drawing or dining room, and servants would be on playscript to pour and hand round the cups of tea, sugar, rake or milk, cakes, and bread and butter, (Pet tigrew, 107). Beeton reinforces the notion that these wares were evaluate to be present at the tea table for afternoon tea with the stop number classes. For the qualityes, afternoon tea could be interpreted out to the garden.In an 1871 graphic artwork title Kettledrum in Knightsbridge, (Pettigrew, 106) the artist displays men, women, and a nestling affableizing in a garden, with trees and flowers surrounding them, while they enjoy their afternoon tea. According to Pettigrew, the caption reads In this inning of afternoon caller, ladies and gentlemen shadower mingle . . . it is certainly much separate to talk filth in the garden than indoors, (Pettigrew, 107). From this context, Pettigrew hints that scandalous s frigidness was greenness in between people in the upper classes during afternoon tea, and that it was better to gossip outdoors alternatively than indoors.While the etiquette and customs of low tea can be reflected in the mannerisms of upper class breakfast wit h tea, In 1884, Marie Bayard advised in Hints on Etiquette that the proper time . . . is from four to septette, whereas others advised nearly five, or referred to small 5 oclock teas, (Pettigrew, 108). Staying true to the specific hours with afternoon tea was significant to the upper classes in order to preserve the foreseeations that came with afternoon low tea. Guests were not expected to stay for the entire time that tea was going on, but to scrape and go as they pleased during the lot hours.Most stayed half an hour or an hour but should on no line stay later than seven oclock, (Pettigrew, 108). The relationships between wellborn families and servants were wonderful with tea. Families who employed servants very often took high tea on Sunday in order to allow the maids and butler time to go to church and not reside about cooking an evening meal for the family, (Pettigrew, 112). Tea was so relevant during the 19th century that Pettigrew put downs how upper-class families would rarely take a break from it.On Sun long time, kinda of eliminating tea from the day entirely, upper-class families would substitute their afternoon tea for high tea, which include heavier foods to commute dinner, all for the sake of allowing their maids and servants go to church. Servants of the queen regnant reference her liking of tea in the 19th century as well. In capital of the United Kingdom, Queen Victoria introduced afternoon receptions at Buckingham Palace in 1865 and garden parties, known as breakfasts in 1868, (Pettigrew, 115). star of Her loftinesss Servants is quoted in The Private bread and butter of the Queen (1897), Her loftiness has a real weakness for afternoon tea. From her beforehand(predicate) days in Scotland, when Brown and the other gillies employ to boil the tympani in a sheltered corner of the moors while Her Majesty and the young Princesses sk etc.ed, the refreshing cup of tea has ever ranked high in the Royal favour. Various forms of art work captured the ritual of tea-time during 19th century England.A photograph from the eighties presents a clear black-and-white scope of what tea time disembodied spirited like for the wealthy in this particular case, for the Prince and Princess of Wales as they kindize with the Rothschild family at Waddesdon Manor in Buckinghamshire, (Pettigrew, 114). In the photo, we see a garden tea party taking place, both men and women well-dressed, all sit down down in a straight posture neverthe slight for the single servant, the tea table objurgate with the tea urn in the center, a tent set up, and even an umbrella situated at an angle to prevent whatever discomfort from the sun.While consuming tea was popular in the 19th century, the art and schema of selling it as a semiprecious commodity grew in trend. Advertisements in the 19th century for tea advocated certain product shuffles, claiming that that specific brand was better than the rest, even hinting that they were a brand f or more sophisticated, upper-class tea drinkers. An advertisement for Lipton, Tea, Coffee and cookery Dealer (Fromer, 84) attempts to differentiate rhythmic tea drinkers from Lipton tea drinkers On the left, an illustration depicts two women smiling as they drink their tea.Their features are smooth and regular, their cheeks are pleasingly plump, and they bring out bonnets over their fashionably curled hair. Their dresses prove their bourgeois wealth and fashion good sense they wear modest, high-necked gowns without excess frills or ornaments, provided the designs of their dresses reveal up-to-date fashion, with vitiated bodices, bustles, and narrow waists, (Fromer, 83). In the advertisement, the choice to drink other tea besides the Lipton brand is reflected on their mis-shaped bodies, suffering etiquette, and disappointing behavior. Tea and its consumption reinforced social class boundaries in 19th century England.In bloody shame Gaskells join and South (1855), tea cons umption serves as a story of peoples social class and their standards. through with(predicate)out the changes in the Hales financial and social status through with(predicate)out the novel, their tea alcoholism continues unabated, and despite the economies that they are forced to retain after Mr. Hale gives up his living, they never mention giving up tea, (Fromer, 132). Fromer comments on Gaskells North and South (1855), stain how tea for upper-class citizens, such as the Hales, it too valuable in social status worth to sacrifice.Fromer continues their the Hales individualism at heart the industrial town of Milton derives from their consumption patterns, their participation in the market economy of the city, the amount of money they have to spend, and the ways in which they spend it. Mr. Hale is caught off reserve and is petrified by Margarets story of a mill worker who has come to stick them for tea. Margaret Told the story completely and her father was rather taken aba ck by the theme of the drunk weaver awaiting him in his quiet study, with whom he was expected to drink tea, (Gaskell, 285). Oh dear A drunken infidel weaver said Mr.Hale to himself, in dismay, (Gaskell, 286). Mr. Hale cannot handle the idea of having a low-class worker in his firm, participating in his familys afternoon tea. The very thought of it is inconceivable to him, oddly seeing how Margaret invited the mill worker for tea. The workss class was distinguished by having slight etiquette and being not nearly as strict with their tea rituals as the middle and upper classes. Tea for the suffering was unruffled cherished, was quench valuable, but as farthest as how refined they could be, based on their social class status alone, they constantly went through hard times on a daily basis. During the running(a) day farm workers and labourers generally drank beer, but in the 19th century, in that location was a forceful shift from beer being the orchispark beverage work ers drank throughout the day to tea. All around the country, workers refreshed themselves with hot or cold tea in factories, mines, offices and farmers fields, on railways, roads and fishing boats. Tea had become the high hat drink of the day, (Pettigrew, 125). The poor and working class participated mostly in high tea, which was substituted for dinner. Meals throughout the day for the working class included tea. The commencement ceremony National Food inquiry of 1863 discovered that half-size had changed for the working classes since the late eighteenth century and that farm labourers and foundation workers, such as silk weavers, needlewomen, glover makers and shoemakers, throughout Britain, started the day with a meager meal of milk or water gruel or porridge, bread and butter, and tea, (Pettigrew, 98). Every day was a argue for the lower classes. Many working class families started distributively day quiesce hungry. They would be sent off in the forenoon after a meager breakfast of potatoes and tea to walk several miles to their place of work.Lunch was dry bread with by chance a little cheese in good times, and more potatoes and tea at interior(a) in the evening, (Pettigrew, 124). While daily meal intakes were solely meant to fuel laborers to delineate through the day, tea was always considered a luxury, something that still connected them to the upper classes, regard little(prenominal) of how less refined their etiquette was. Dickenss stories are full of poor families, young apprentices, social outcasts, and those who survived from hand to mouth, just about head in very mean stamp pad that contrast markedly with the sumptuous breakfast tables of the upper and middle classes, (Pettigrew, 99).In Elizabeth Gaskells novel Mary Barton (1848), Gaskell conveys the thought-processing that went into listing what was needed for low-class meals and the importance of tea Run, Mary dear, first round the corner, and bewitch some fresh eggs at Tippings . . . and see if he has any nice ham cut that he would let us have a pound of . . . and Mary, you must redeem a pennyworth of milk and a loaf of bread mind you get it fresh and new thats all, Mary. No, its not all said her husband. though must get sixpennyworth of rum to prompt the tea . . . A watercolor painting by Thomas Unwins (1782-1857) titled lifetime off the Fat of the Land, a country Feast (Pettigrew, 111) illustrates high tea in a country cottage, with what is depicted as a lower class family eating hams, cheeses, and baked bread while beverage tea. The painting portrays many people change in a small cottage having high tea in switching of dinner, with children playing on the floor, vegetables fallen from a sack lying on the floor, cats and dogs quiescency and jumping around, a man sternutation loaded to the ham, a woman beverage her tea out of a platter while tending to a child, etc. the whole illustration is a mess. While refined tea was mainly consumed by t he upper classes, the working class still treasured tea as a luxury, its value and worth could be tasted even with just a little bit of sugar. In 1853, the Edinburgh Review wrote By her fireside, in her humble cottage, the lonely widow sits the kettle simmers over the ruddy embers, and the blackened tea-pot on the hot brick prepares her evening drink.Her crust is scanty, yet as she sips the warm beverage little sweetened, it may be, with the produce of the sugar-cane genial thoughts perk up in her mind her cottage grows less dark and lonely, and comfort seems to enliven the ill-furnished cabin, (Pettigrew, 111). In an 1878 photo of a poor dainty household during tea time (Pettigrew, 104), the reference can make out the small room in which they are all in, laundry drying on a clothesline, with some of the children not even being able to sit at the table, just sitting on a bench close to it against the wall.This photo demonstrates the difference in tea etiquette between the upper and lower classes, oddly with what looks like the eldest daughter caring for the youngest infant on her lap at the table, this being un credibly at an upper-class tea table. Tea was just as imperative as a daily commodity as it was to the upper classes. The poor household, thitherfore, represented a scaled-down interpreting of the bourgeois home, suggesting that nineteenth-century histories of tea portray class as a matter of degree rather than kind.Working-class families aspired to the same value as the middle classes, responding to their smaller incomes by taking further measures of economy but not by sacrificing the consumer commodities that had become necessary to English terrestrial life, (Fromer, 79). Tea served as a revitalizing commodity for all, even the elderly. According to daytime from the Edinburgh Review in Tea Its riddle and History (1878), It is not surprising that the healed female whose earnings are notwith rest sufficient to buy what are called the comm on necessaries of life, should yet spare a passel of her small gains in procuring the grateful indulgence.She can sustain her strength with less common food when she takes her Tea along with it while she, at the same time, opinions lighter in spirits, more cheerful, and fit for this dull work of life, because of this little indulgence, (Day, 75-76). While the wealthy upper classes had standards and expectations with their consumption of tea, the lower classes, even the poor elderly, perceived tea as a great luxury of worth that altered their everyday behavior. Tea affected her (the poor aged females) demeanor, her manner, and her cheer, enabling her to accept her burden and work harder, being fitter for the dull work life, (Fromer, 83).Tea time for the working class wasnt meant to be a socializing event, nor was it a strict ritual. Tea imbibing, according to nineteenth-century ads and histories of tea, replaced the vices that were typically found among the humbler classes, incl uding alcoholism, violence, and a lack of attention to domestic arrangements, with the values of domestic economy, valueability, good taste, thrift, and an appreciation for high-quality consumer luxuries associated with more-fortunate, middle-class economical circumstances, (Fromer, 87).Within Gaskells North and South, we get glimpses of Margaret Hales life as a younger girl. She remembered the dark, dim look of the London nursery. . . . She recollected the first tea up there separate from her father and aunt, who were dining somewhere down below an outer space depth of stairs . . . At home out front she came to live in Harley avenue her mothers dressing-room had been her nursery and, as they had her meals with her father and mother, (Gaskell, 38).Gaskell emphasizes the difference in grounds in Margaret Hales life, contrasting the less refined and luxurious life she had before she came to live in Harley Street, to her now high(prenominal) social status in Harley Street. Gas kell hints this with how tea was consumed between the two settings. More than scarce differentiating the social boundaries created by tea through certain tea rituals, the etiquette of tea drinking of both the lower and upper classes reinforced these social class boundaries in 19th century England.English upper class etiquette did not just distinguish them from the poor, but also from other countries as well. A vignette published in 1825 (Pettigrew, 84) points out the difference in dexterity and etiquette between the English and the French. The cartoon refers to the English custom of placing a spoon across or inside the teacup to express that the drinker does not need a refill, though the audience can see that the English cites in the cartoon have been refilling the Frenchmans teacup multiple times in a humorous manner. Certain rules and expectations went into tea-time with the upper classes. Invitations to tea were issued verbally or by a small informal strain or card, (Pettigr ew, 108). Many aspects and variations went into tea etiquette that outlined the upper classes. For how to receive guests into ones home, the Lady at Home and overseas (1898) explains that for small tea gatherings the air hostess receives her friends in the drawing room as on any other afternoon . . . but when it is a case of a regular afternoon entertainment, she stands at the head of the stairway and receives as she would at a ball or a wedding reception. alike(p) Gaskells North and South, novels such as Emily Brontes Wuthering high school (1847) capture the norms and etiquette that come with upper class tea time and how those norms are broken and revealed through character reactions. Within Wuthering Heights, tea creates boundaries between characters, rather than erasing them. The rituals of the tea table cause Lockwood (and readers of the novel, to an extent) to feel isolated, un desireed, and threatened, rather than welcomed in and nourished as guests and as intimates, (Frome r, 152-153).In a scene from Brontes Wuthering Heights, the character named Lockwood, an upper-class male, seeks refuge from an early snowstorm in Wuthering Heights. Young Catherine hesitatingly admits Lockwood into Wuthering Heights and he accepts it as an ideal setting for tea. While Catherine attempts to attain a canister of tea leaves almost out of reach, Lockwood makes a motion to aid her (Bronte, 16), but she responds, I wont want your help . . . I can get them for myself. Bronte continues with Lockwoods narration I solicit your pardon, I hastened to reply. Were you asked to tea? she demanded, tying an proscenium over her neat black frock, and standing with a spoonful of the leaf collected over the pot. I shall be successful to have a cup, I answered. Were you asked? she repeated. No, I said, half smiling. You are the proper someone to ask me. She flung the tea back, spoon and all and resumed her chair in a pet, her eyebrow corrugated, and her red underlip pushed out, like a childs, ready to cry, (Bronte, 16-17). Bronte uses this scene to underscore a significant aspect of upper-class tea tiquette again, Invitations to tea were issued verbally or by a small informal note or card, (Pettigrew, 108). While to present day audiences of Wuthering Heights, Catherines behavior may have seemed rude, to Brontes audience in the 19th century, Catherines response to Lockwood probably seemed perceivable because according to upper-class tea etiquette, in order to engage and participate in tea-time with someone, he or she needs to be invited first. In another scene from Wuthering Heights, Catherine plays hostess during tea-time with characters Edgar and Heathcliff at Wuthering Heights. The meal hardly endured ten minutes. Catherines cup was never fill she could n either eat nor drink. Edgar had gruesomee a slop in his saucer, and scarcely swallowed a mouthful, (Bronte, 97-98). Here the audience can see the difference in etiquette between the higher and lower classes, even if the difference in class is not too vast. Edgars slop in his saucer signals his shivering hand (Fromer, 162). This s of tea, which is supposed to bring people together and erase boundaries, instead emphasizes those boundaries and signals the end of peace and familial happiness, (Fromer, 162-163).Again, Bronte distinguishes the class differences reinforced through the tea ritual and form of etiquette. Like Brontes Wuthering Heights (1847), 19th century novels such as Lewis Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland (1865) delineates social class boundaries reinforced by tea etiquette. The story of Alice adventuring into Wonderland is a reflection of set about elements people are not used to for Alice, what she believed was her forte was etiquette. Carroll thus plays on the idea of expectations he assumes that we as readers, like Alice, have certain expectations of what a tea party offers, and he continually frustrates those expectations through his word-painting of A angry Tea lucky, (Fromer, 169). During the infamous touchy Tea Party scene, Alice encounters the Mad hatmaker, the March Hare, and the mouse at their tea party. Alice expects to be welcomed at the tea table, seeing how the table was a large one, but the three were all crowded together at one corner of it . . . (Carroll, 60).But as she approached the table, the Hare and the Mad Hatter cried out, No room No room (Carroll, 60). both audiences of the 19th century and present day may have found the hosts to be incredibly rude exclaiming that there is no room while there obviously was, but, again, we must remember principle etiquette that guests must be invited to tea. Both Brontes Lockwood and Carrolls Alice encounter tea setting and expect to be invited therefore, they approach the hosts and fail to the tables, yet both characters are truly unwanted from both hosts in each novel.Lockwood and Alice are characterized as being of middle or upper class in their own storylines an d they both invite themselves to these tea tables where they were never originally invited to and when they are confronted about it, they both are shocked. At any rate Ill never go there again . . . Its the stupidest tea-party I ever was at in all my life, (Carroll, 68). Carroll reinforces Alices stubbornness an inability to pull ahead that she was the one who violated the etiquette and customs of tea time by inviting herself to tea instead of waiting for an invitation from the Mad Hatter and the March Hare.The exchange between Alice and the Mad Hatter and March Hare exceeds levels of rudeness that audiences of both 19th century and present-day England would be appalled by. I dont think then the Hatter cuts her off, indeed you shouldnt talk. This piece of rudeness was more than Alice could bear she got up in great disgust, and walked off the Dormouse fell asleep instantly, and neither of the others took the least notice of her going, though she looked back once or twice, half h oping that they would call after her, (Carroll, 67).While Alice storms off believing that the Mad Hatter and March Hare are in the wrong, Carrolls use of interpret Alice looking back conveys that in her heart, perhaps Alice knew that she was the one who violate the proper mannerisms and etiquette of tea time. From Fromers perspective, After feeling afloat(predicate) and confused during her travels through Wonderland, Alice has finally stumbled upon a setting where she feels at home and thinks that she knows what to expect and how to act at the tea table . . .She expects the boundaries that so clearly separate her from all of the other characters she has met to finally be overcome, so that she can feel welcomed and nourished as an intimate guest rather than an upset(prenominal) and unwelcome intruder, (Fromer, 170-171). Tea rituals, customs, and etiquette distinguish people from one another, they sort them into groups labeled either poor or wealthy. Teatime functions, in countles s novels, as a moment of highlighting the boundaries between self and other, inside and outside, day and night boundaries both in spite of appearance outside of the intimate realm . . Part of what makes this particular tea party mad is the fact that it violates the boundaries of time just as much as it destroys expectation of cordial reception and civility, (Fromer, 172). Both Alice and Brontes Lockwood assume that simply by being part of the upper classes of society that they are entitled to respect from others but as Gaskells and Carrolls audiences have realized, having respect for others defines social status and influences social mannerisms and proper etiquette. Within Gaskells North and South (1854-55), the image of the tea table functions as a vitreous silica of English national identity operator and the divers(a) social classes that make up that national sense of self, (Fromer, 129). Fromer analyzes North and South as a novel that distinguishes the different social clas ses in 19th century England and how their social statuses are formed and reinforced by through tea rituals and etiquette.Furthermore, based on circulating cultural expectations of the social manners and consumption rituals performed during teatime, the English ideal of the tea table served as shared experience upon which to base ones identity and to gauge the social status of others, (Fromer, 129). Tea, as a fluid constant in English culture, with its accompanying social rituals, was malleable enough to accommodate and to mark subtile differences in social status, to mediate these differences between groups within the English nation, (Fromer, 12).Members of both the lower and upper classes participated in tea rituals depending on their social class statuses, they were more than likely to participate in one or the other. Quite simply, the middle and upper-class members of societies busy in afternoon low tea the majority of the time because of its origin to English royalty and th e purpose to keep hungriness away between noon and dinner meals. On the other end, the poor and working class members of society engaged in high tea, combining their dinner meal with tea in order to palliate the time and costs of tea time in the middle of the afternoon.The working class did not concern themselves with strict and traditional customs and etiquette like the middle and upper classes did. They participated in high tea for the practical purpose of fighting off hunger while retaining a sense of self-worth and luxury with the value and worth of tea. As put by Fromer (11) Nineteenth century representations of tea highlight the role of the tea table in forging a unified English national identity out of disparate social groups, economic classes, and genders separated by ideologically diaphanous spheres of daily life. Bibliography Bayard, Marie. Hints on Etiquette. Edited by Marie Bayard. London Weldon & Company, 1884. Beeton, Mrs. Mrs. Beetons Book of Household Management. Edited by Nicola Humble. Abridged version of 1861 edition. NewYork Oxford University Press, 2000. Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights. New York. Penguin Books, 1993. Carroll, Lewis. Alices Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass. New York Oxford University Press, 1982. Day, Samuel Phillips.Tea Its Mystery and History. London Digital Text Publishing Company, 2010. Fromer, Julie E. A Necessary Luxury Tea in Victorian England. Athens Ohio University Press, 2008. Gaskell, Elizabeth. Mary Barton & North and South. Edited by Edgar Wright. New York Oxford University Press, 1987. One of Her Majestys Servants. The Private sustenance of the Queen. Edited by Emily Sheffield. Gresham Books, 1979. Pettigrew, Jane. A Social History of Tea. London National sureness Enterprises, 2001.